{"id":13664,"date":"2015-12-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-12-29T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/michelsanti.blog\/2015\/12\/30\/france-the-birthplace-of-neoliberalism\/"},"modified":"2018-10-17T17:43:25","modified_gmt":"2018-10-17T15:43:25","slug":"france-the-birthplace-of-neoliberalism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism\/france-the-birthplace-of-neoliberalism","title":{"rendered":"France: the birthplace of neoliberalism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Barre-300x183.jpg?resize=300%2C183&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Barre\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6484\" \/><\/p>\n<p>France is not just the motherland of human rights. It also played a crucial role in the inception of neoliberal thought which now starves the peoples of Europe. It has had huge responsibility in enforcing the rigorist and moralistic tyranny that today is sterilising the lifeblood of our continent. <\/p>\n<p>It is actually France who, in 1973, once again acting as precursor, was to take a historic step along the path to international financial liberalisation by prohibiting its central bank from printing money as a fallback. It is with this yardstick that the Banque de France\u2019s new regulations \u2013 in particular article 25 \u2013 must be interpreted, which were adopted 3rd January 1973 and which indicate that \u201cthe Public treasury may no longer borrow money from the Banque de France.\u201d This therefore definitively held the governments to the mercy of the banking system, since their Treasury was de facto no longer able to borrow from its central bank. This was a crucial turning point in the management of Western (and even global!) public finances which from that point onward laid the path for France, which owed nothing to chance at a time when its president, Georges Pompidou, was a former banker. No biggy though, after all, since the French public debt, at 20% of GDP in 1970, was henceforth to see an uninterrupted descent into the depths of hell.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>For all that, this episode was not only just the very first milestone of a monetary stranglehold that Raymond Barre, \u201cFrance\u2019s best economist\u201d and Giscard-d\u2019Estaing\u2019s Prime Minister, helped to spread through institutions from 1976, and who was to preside over the fate of Europe\u2019s first authentically neoliberal government. Well before the rise to power of Great Britain\u2019s Thatcher in 1979 and USA\u2019s Reagan in 1981, it is therefore France who first led the attack against public spending and social programs. In reality, without Barre and his famous plans the Euro Zone wouldn\u2019t have come about in the late \u201880s, since it was under his great patronage that Europe took that mercantile turn which now proudly embodies its hallmark.<\/p>\n<p>It is therefore not so much the Franco-German axis as it was the progressive standardisation and evaporation of the economic and financial debate throughout \u201cWestern\u201d Europe that was to shape the continent. It is this sacred union, initially anti spending and deficits then pro free markets and financial self-regulation (under the socialist Beregovoy toward the end of the \u201880s), which was to dig the trench \u2013 and now the grave \u2013 of the European Union. It is therefore France who, before anyone else, defined and laid the foundations of the sacrosanct European unification which, by imposing budgetary stringency, was henceforth to paralyse and monopolise the whole continent\u2019s macroeconomic debate. The monetary system was infected and this brought about the decisive and irreversible aggravation of unemployment rates that would never return to their 1970s levels, since employment no longer figured in governments\u2019 priorities.     <\/p>\n<p>It is to Raymond Barre that we owe the definitive nail in the coffin on the Gaullist Keynesian ideal. It is since his reign that employment is considered only as a simple variable that helps to determine financial stability. And it is therefore back to 1976 (the arrival of Barre and his plans) that we can date the birth of the infamous policy of austerity, as well as the death of humanity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>France is not just the motherland of human rights. It also played a crucial role in the inception of neoliberal thought which now starves the peoples of Europe. It has had huge responsibility in enforcing the rigorist and moralistic tyranny that today is sterilising the lifeblood of our continent. It is actually France who, in&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":13665,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[648941294],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neoliberalism"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>France: the birthplace of neoliberalism - Michel Santi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism\/france-the-birthplace-of-neoliberalism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"France: the birthplace of neoliberalism - Michel Santi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"France is not just the motherland of human rights. 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Five of them were immediately followed by depressions. Let us never forget that the orthodoxy \u2013 already powerful at the time \u2013 had pushed President Herbert Hoover to maintain a budget surplus\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;debt&quot;","block_context":{"text":"debt","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/debt"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fake-news.jpg?fit=743%2C481&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fake-news.jpg?fit=743%2C481&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fake-news.jpg?fit=743%2C481&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fake-news.jpg?fit=743%2C481&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":26895,"url":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism-2\/great-britain-a-poor-nation","url_meta":{"origin":13664,"position":1},"title":"Great Britain, a Poor Nation","author":"Michel Santi","date":"October 7, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 Great Britain will be outpaced by Poland by the end of this decade. Once the wealthiest country in Europe for a century, Great Britain\u2019s trajectory has been on a downward slope since the end of World War II. Aside from a brief recovery during the 1980s, at the beginning\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;disindustrialisation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"disindustrialisation","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/disindustrialisation"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Jean-Gabin-dans-le-film-La-Bete-humaine-de-Jean-Renoir-1938-e1652626186400.jpg?fit=1150%2C1150&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Jean-Gabin-dans-le-film-La-Bete-humaine-de-Jean-Renoir-1938-e1652626186400.jpg?fit=1150%2C1150&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Jean-Gabin-dans-le-film-La-Bete-humaine-de-Jean-Renoir-1938-e1652626186400.jpg?fit=1150%2C1150&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Jean-Gabin-dans-le-film-La-Bete-humaine-de-Jean-Renoir-1938-e1652626186400.jpg?fit=1150%2C1150&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Jean-Gabin-dans-le-film-La-Bete-humaine-de-Jean-Renoir-1938-e1652626186400.jpg?fit=1150%2C1150&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":13712,"url":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism\/brexit-now-thats-democracy","url_meta":{"origin":13664,"position":2},"title":"Brexit, now that\u2019s democracy","author":"Michel Santi","date":"June 21, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"Brexit is not just an electoral consultation that will decide on Britain\u2019s potential departure from the Union. The issues are far more serious \u2013 and critical for some \u2013 than the relatively by-the-by stance of a country that has never really brought Europe together. Despite what has been stigmatised by\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;neoliberalism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"neoliberalism","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/neoliberalism"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brexit.jpg?fit=612%2C306&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brexit.jpg?fit=612%2C306&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/brexit.jpg?fit=612%2C306&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":26514,"url":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism\/the-return-of-sick-man-of-europe","url_meta":{"origin":13664,"position":3},"title":"The return of sick man of Europe","author":"Michel Santi","date":"July 13, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 In an environment where the German economy is extraordinarily energy-intensive, while the dogmatic policies of the Greens dramatically penalize all economic actors, company bankruptcies are reaching record and frightening levels in a Germany that is literally on the path to deindustrialization. \u00a0 Merkel will have many accounts to settle\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;neoliberalism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"neoliberalism","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/neoliberalism"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GSRaBmbXgAA9Iu6.jpg?fit=1200%2C678&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GSRaBmbXgAA9Iu6.jpg?fit=1200%2C678&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GSRaBmbXgAA9Iu6.jpg?fit=1200%2C678&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GSRaBmbXgAA9Iu6.jpg?fit=1200%2C678&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GSRaBmbXgAA9Iu6.jpg?fit=1200%2C678&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":32447,"url":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/france-en\/can-france-draw-inspiration-from-the-swiss-model","url_meta":{"origin":13664,"position":4},"title":"Can France draw inspiration from the Swiss model?","author":"Michel Santi","date":"October 14, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0 France is now \u201cthe sick man of Europe.\u201d Switzerland, meanwhile, is ignored \u2014 reduced to clich\u00e9s: a small country, no euro, banks, Nazi gold\u2026 Yet between 1990 and 2000, the two countries followed almost identical fiscal trajectories: high public debt, rising spending, and mounting pressure on public finances. In\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;France&quot;","block_context":{"text":"France","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/france-en"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/CH.jpg?fit=1200%2C1091&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/CH.jpg?fit=1200%2C1091&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/CH.jpg?fit=1200%2C1091&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/CH.jpg?fit=1200%2C1091&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/CH.jpg?fit=1200%2C1091&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":26026,"url":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/neoliberalism\/no-need-for-electric-shocks-to-reduce-public-debt","url_meta":{"origin":13664,"position":5},"title":"No need for electric shocks to reduce public debt","author":"Michel Santi","date":"April 23, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"See for yourself the impressive improvement in the Debt\/GDP ratio of Greece and Portugal! Yes, inflation works very well to lighten the burden of public debts, provided we fix the duration of our loans and do not issue inflation-indexed debt. The deprivations inflicted on our populations are much more a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;debts reduction&quot;","block_context":{"text":"debts reduction","link":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/category\/debts-reduction"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/dette.jpg?fit=1200%2C741&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/dette.jpg?fit=1200%2C741&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/dette.jpg?fit=1200%2C741&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/dette.jpg?fit=1200%2C741&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/dette.jpg?fit=1200%2C741&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/michelsanti.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Barre.jpg?fit=540%2C330&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13664","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13664"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13664\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13665"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13664"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13664"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/michelsanti.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}